Travel time estimation from sparse floating car data with consistent path inference: A fixed point approach

Estimation of urban network link travel times from sparse floating car data (FCD) usually needs pre-processing, mainly map-matching and path inference for finding the most likely vehicle paths that are consistent with reported locations. Path inference requires a priori assumptions about link travel times; using unrealistic initial link travel times can bias the travel time estimation and subsequent identification of shortest paths. Thus, the combination of path inference and travel time estimation is a joint problem. This paper investigates the sensitivity of estimated travel times, and proposes a fixed point formulation of the simultaneous path inference and travel time estimation problem. The methodology is applied in a case study to estimate travel times from taxi FCD in Stockholm, Sweden. The results show that standard fixed point iterations converge quickly to a solution where input and output travel times are consistent. The solution is robust under different initial travel times assumptions and data sizes. Validation against actual path travel time measurements from the Google API and an instrumented vehicle deployed for this purpose shows that the fixed point algorithm improves shortest path finding. The results highlight the importance of the joint solution of the path inference and travel time estimation problem, in particular for accurate path finding and route optimization.     

Does crowding affect the path choice of metro passengers?

This paper investigates crowding effect on the path choice of metro passengers. We show people reroute not only to avoid the delay from crowding but also to evade crowding itself. More specifically, a logit model fits best when it uses the transit delay from crowding as well as the passenger load of a connection in addition to the conventional explanatory variables. Also, we demonstrate that crowding decreases the overall welfare of metro passengers. The model is tested on the real path choice data acquired by the recent algorithm by Hong et al. (2015) known to detect the real path choice from Smart Card data in more than 90% of the cases.     

基于前轮转角约束自适应模型预测控制的路径跟踪研究

针对在车辆行驶中较小的前轮转角无法充分利用路面附着能力,较大的前轮转角使得车辆的行驶稳定性差的问题,文章提出了一种前轮转角约束自适应模型预测方法。首先建立车辆的动力学模型,然后通过计算得到轮胎纵向力,最终得到车辆的前轮转角。将车辆的状态量与前轮转角自适应约束条件输入给模型预测控制器,输出车辆的前轮转角,实现对参考路径的跟踪。在Carsim和MATLAB平台上联合仿真,仿真结果表明前轮转角约束自适应模型预测控制的车辆相比固定转角约束的车辆具有较好的跟踪能力和稳定性。     

随机风浪下的游艇稳性可靠度计算

建立游艇横摇运动微分方程,利用马尔科夫过程理论和路径积分法进行求解,得到游艇横摇角概率密度函数。借鉴结构可靠性计算方法建立游艇稳性概率计算模型,采用当量正态化法(JC法)求解得到游艇稳性可靠度。实例计算表明:游艇在不同海域下的稳性可靠度存在一定差异,随着外界风浪增大,游艇稳性可靠度呈逐步下降趋势,且都存在一个快速下降的波高区间。该方法能够更科学地评判游艇在不同航行条件下的稳性状况,是游艇稳性横准研究的发展方向之一。     

基于滑膜控制的半挂汽车自动倒车路径跟踪

文章针对半挂汽车倒车时的跟踪控制问题进行了研究,建立了该系统在卡迪尔坐标系下的车辆非线性运动模型。为了简化求解过程,通过准确线性变换方法对建立的系统进行了线性化,设计了滑膜变结构控制器,基于Ackermann公式进行极点配置选取控制参数,最后对直线倒车路线的跟踪控制进行了仿真分析。仿真结构表明:设计的反馈控制器能改善半挂汽车对行驶路径的跟踪能力,使偏离的挂车快速返回到期望的稳态轨迹上。     

浅谈三标管理体系标准在工程管理中的应用

文章介绍了贯彻实施质量、环境和职业健康安全三标管理体系标准的作用，并结合企业工程管理的实践，论述了三标管理体系标准中的一些管理理念和方法在工程管理中的应用及效果。     

谈工程造价人员的职业生涯之路

在总结理论学习与实践经验的基础上,明确工程造价人员的执业范围,论述工程造价人员的成长之路、职业之路,即3种途径（学历教育、职业教育、继续教育）、3种能力（基本能力、专业能力、专家能力）、3个阶段（确定阶段、审核阶段、编制阶段）。并从不同角度对其理论意义与实践加以阐述,最后得出基础和专业知识的应用趋势是一个由应用到创造再到创新的过程。     

Sampling of alternatives for route choice modeling

This paper presents a new paradigm for choice set generation in the context of route choice model estimation. We assume that the choice sets contain all paths connecting each origin–destination pair. Although this is behaviorally questionable, we make this assumption in order to avoid bias in the econometric model. These sets are in general impossible to generate explicitly. Therefore, we propose an importance sampling approach to generate subsets of paths suitable for model estimation. Using only a subset of alternatives requires the path utilities to be corrected according to the sampling protocol in order to obtain unbiased parameter estimates. We derive such a sampling correction for the proposed algorithm.Estimating models based on samples of alternatives is straightforward for some types of models, in particular the multinomial logit (MNL) model. In order to apply MNL for route choice, the utilities should also be corrected to account for the correlation using, for instance, a path size (PS) formulation. We argue that the PS attribute should be computed based on the full choice set. Again, this is not feasible in general, and we propose a new version of the PS attribute derived from the sampling protocol, called Expanded PS.Numerical results based on synthetic data show that models including a sampling correction are remarkably better than the ones that do not. Moreover, the Expanded PS shows good results and outperforms models with the original PS formulation.     

基于改进A*算法的智能车路径规划研究

针对智能车使用A*路径规划算法存在转折点和冗余点的问题,提出一种考虑智能车静态特性的改进A*路径规划算法。在已知静态环境信息的栅格地图上,考虑到智能车自身存在实际宽度,对障碍物进行膨胀扩展;其次根据路径上前后节点相对方向的改变提取必要的转折点,并依次连结前后转折点,若转折点连线不经过障碍物,删除连结转折点之间冗余的转折点;重复上述操作,直至所有冗余点被删除,保留关键转折点。仿真结果表明,该方法可以实现车辆安全无碰撞地到达目标终点。     

Assessing the cost of transfer inconvenience in public transport systems: A case study of the London Underground

Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers² in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,³ taking into account both the operator’s service supply and the customers’ subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements.The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems.